ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵔⵉⴱ
ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⴽⵯⵏⵉ ? ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵖ
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ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵖ
100+
ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
1916
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ
40+
ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ
2017
ⴰⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵎⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ

ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵣⵔⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⴷⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵎⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵟⵕⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵢⵜ 7 ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ
01
ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴼⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ
02
ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ
03
ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ
04
ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ
05
ⴰⴹⴼⴼⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵕ
06
ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ
07
ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⴰⵏⵏ
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ — ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ
ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ — 1792 ⴰⵔ 1906
1792–1822
ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴷ ⵍⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵟⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⴷ ⵍⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵅⵍⵍⵚⵏ ⵜⵎⵇⵕⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵔⵟⵟⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ.
1860
ⴰⵙⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵍⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⵍⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵟⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵃⵙⵏ.
1865
ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ.
1906
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ.
ⴰⵙⵉⴽⵍ — 1907 ⴰⵔ 1955
1907–1916
ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵍⴱⴰⵏⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⵣⵉⵔⴰⵙ.
1916
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ — ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴽⵍ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.
1917
ⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ 9 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1917 ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ.
1921
ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵇⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.
1950
ⴰⵙⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ.
ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ — 1956 ⴰⵔ 2003
1961
ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ : ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⴷ ⴱⵕⵏⵓⵙⵙⵉ (1 ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵕ 1961). ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⵍ.
1967
ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⅌ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ.
1970
ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵉⴱⵏⵜⵓⵎⵕⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ.
1973
ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵃⵎⴷ ⴱⵏⵙⴰⵍⵎ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ.
1986
ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵎⵣⴰⵡⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ.
1998
ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⴼⵜⵜⴰⵃ ⴱⵏⵎⴰⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ.
2002
ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴽⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ : ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⵓⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⴷ, ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ.
2003
ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⵉⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎⵉ, ⴰⵏⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ.
ⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵔ — 2004 ⴰⵔ 2022
2004
ⴰⵙⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ.
2005
ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵇⵕⴰⴹ (GID).
2006
ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵇⵕⴰⴹ (CED). ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴽⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ.
2007
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵡⵣⵉⵔⵉⵢⵏ (ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ) ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ (ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ). ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ (PMP).
2008
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵡⵙⵜ (CNT) ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵙⵏ.
2010
ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⵓⵕⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴱⵏⵙⵓⴷⴰ, ⴰⵏⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ (16 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 2010). ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ GID ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ.
2013
ⴰⵙⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ GID-CT ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
2014
ⴰⵙⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⴼ (GIR).
2015
ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏⵓⵎⵔⵓ 130-13 ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
2017
ⴰⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ (4 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2017). ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴽⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵅⵍⵍⴰⵚ.
2018
ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵕⵕⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ.
2020
ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴽⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵏ.
2021–2022
ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵛⵛⵉ ⴰⵎⵥ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴽⵉ TH/TSC ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷⵉⵢⵢⴰ.
2022
ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴽⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
Complementary Content
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